Why in news?

Israelis voted on October 27, 2026, in the first election since the October 7, 2023 Hamas-led attacks and the subsequent wars in Gaza, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, and Yemen.

Pre-election polling showed PM Benjamin Netanyahu locked in a tight race with Gadi Eisenkot, a former Israel Defense Forces chief. With no bloc projected to win a clear majority, the outcome may remain unresolved for weeks or months — a familiar pattern in Israeli politics.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• The Electoral System
• What Is a “List” in Israeli Elections?
• The Electoral Threshold: Why It Matters?
• How the Knesset Voting System Works?
• How Results and Government Formation Unfold?

The Electoral System

• Israel is a parliamentary democracy with a proportional representation system — voters elect party lists, not individual constituency representatives.
• The country has a unicameral (single-house) parliament with 120 members, elected nationally every four years.
• Three main branches of power:
  • Legislature (Knesset).
  • Executive (PM holds executive power).
  • Judiciary (headed by the Supreme Court, interprets Basic Laws and reviews legislation).
• The government depends on the Knesset’s confidence and must maintain a working majority (at least 61 seats) to govern.
• National elections are administered and overseen by the CEC (Central Elections Committee).

What Is a “List” in Israeli Elections?

• A list is a slate of candidates prepared for the elections, sponsored by a single party or a group of parties.
• Any registered party or list may contest elections.
• Under Section 7A of Basic Law: The Knesset, the CEC or the Supreme Court may disqualify a political party or candidate if their platform/actions involve:
  • Denial of Israel’s existence as a Jewish and democratic state.
  • Incitement to racism.
  • Support for armed struggle against an enemy state or terrorist organisation.

The Electoral Threshold: Why It Matters

• Israel’s party-list proportional representation system sets an electoral threshold — the minimum percentage of the national vote a party must win to enter parliament.
• Current threshold: 3.25% — standardised and established by Knesset legislation in 2014.
• Purpose: Balances representation with political stability by preventing extreme parliamentary fragmentation.
• Strategic consequence: A high threshold incentivises ideologically close factions to merge into joint lists before elections — significantly shaping coalition arithmetic later.
• Parties that fail to cross the threshold have all votes cast for them declared “wasted” — these are reallocated among parties that succeeded.

How the Knesset Voting System Works?

• The Knesset (Israeli parliament) has 120 seats; a government needs 61 seats for a majority.
• Israel uses proportional representation — parties win seats in line with their vote share.
• Consequence: Every Israeli government has historically been a multi-party coalition, since no single party has ever won an outright majority alone.
• If no bloc reaches 61 seats:
  • A minority government becomes possible.
  • If that also fails, fresh elections are called.
  • Netanyahu would remain interim PM until a new government forms.

How Results and Government Formation Unfold?

• Exit polls: Published at 10pm local time on election day — but these can diverge significantly from final results.
• Preliminary results: Expected the next day; official results due November 4, 2026.
• Government Formation Process:
  • President Isaac Herzog consults party leaders and invites the one he believes has the best chance of forming a government.
  • This process can take over a month.
  • If that leader fails, Herzog may try another leader.
  • If that also fails, Knesset members can request a third attempt.
  • If all efforts fail, new elections are called.
• Israel held five elections between 2019 and 2022 due to repeated coalition-formation failures — underscoring the chronic political instability inherent in its proportional system.