About Euthalia zubeengargi:

• It is a butterfly species that was discovered in Arunachal Pradesh.
• Habitat: It is found in semi-evergreen forests.
• It belongs to the genus Euthalia, a group commonly found across South and Southeast Asia.
• Appearance: Members of this group are typically seen in forested habitats and are known for their earthy brown wings marked with pale spots.
• It prefers cool, shaded forest interiors.
• The butterfly rests on low vegetation, feeding on tree sap and occasionally gathering minerals from damp surfaces near streams.
• It appears to be active mainly from late morning to early afternoon, making short, slow flights between nearby plants
• Euthalia zubeengargi is one of more than 80 species from this group recorded in India’s northeastern region.
• Ecological Significance of butterfly: These are valuable indicators of the environment, whose health can influence their presence, abundance, and diversity.

About Coffee:

• It is a tropical plant generally grown under shady trees.
• Types of Coffee: Robusta and Arabica
• Major Coffee growing states: It is largely cultivated in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, among which, Karnataka produces the most with over 70% of the total output.
• Europe is the top destination for India’s coffee exports.
• The major countries which import the commodity from India include Italy, Germany, Belgium, Middle East nations, Korea, and Japan.
• Required Climatic Conditions for Coffee Cultivation
  • It is grown on hill slopes at elevations from 600 to 1,600 metres above sea level.
  • Climate: It requires a hot and humid climate for its growth.
  • Temperature: 15°C and 28 °C
  • Rainfall: It requires 150 to 250 cm of rainfall.
  • Soil: Well-drained, loamy soil containing a good deal of humus and minerals like iron and calcium are ideal for coffee cultivation.
  • Dry weather is necessary at the time of ripening of the berries.

About Keelback Snake:

• Keelback snakes are typically non-venomous.
• Habitat: These are often found near water bodies such as streams and wetlands.
• Habitat: They are found in moist localities within wet and dry forest environments.
• Diet: Frogs, lizards and occasionally fish and tadpoles
• Features:
  • One of the most distinctive features of keelback snakes is their “keeled” scales.
  • Each scale has a raised ridge running down its center, giving the snake’s skin a noticeably rough and textured feel.
  • The keeled surface not only gives keelbacks a more rugged appearance but also helps with camouflage,
  • As the texture can break up light reflections and allow them to blend more effectively into natural surroundings like leaf litter, mud, and wetland vegetation.
• Ecological Significance: Their presence is considered an indicator of healthy ecosystems, particularly in forested and riparian habitats.

About Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary:

• Location: It is located in Andhra Pradesh.
• It is part of the Godavari estuary, where the Coringa river confluences into the Bay of Bengal.
• It was established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1978.
• Vegetation: It has extensive mangrove and dry deciduous tropical forests. It is the second-largest stretch of mangrove forests in India.
• Flora: Mangrove plants like Rhizophora spp, Avicennia spp, Sonnertia spp, etc; grow here.
• Fauna: It is home to endangered mammals like Smooth Indian otter, Fishing cat, Jackal, etc. Mangroves offer excellent habitat for birds like Black capped kingfisher, Brahminy kite, Sea gulls, Reef heron, Sand piper, etc.
• The sea coast of the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary is a breeding ground for Olive ridley turtles.

Key Facts about Olive Ridley Turtles:

• It gets its name from the olive green colouration of its carapace (shell).
• It is best known for its unique mass nesting, called Arribada, where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.
• Distribution of Olive Ridley Turtle
  • They are mainly found in the warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans.
  • Odisha’s Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary is known as the world’s largest rookery (a colony of breeding animals) of sea turtles.
  • Conservation Status of Olive Ridley Turtle
    • IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
    • CITES: Appendix I
    • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule 1

About Waste Foundry Sand:

• It is a byproduct from the production of both ferrous and nonferrous metal castings.
• It is high quality silica sand.
• The physical and chemical characteristics of foundry sand depend upon the type of casting process and the type of industries.
• Classification of foundry sands depends upon the type of binder systems used in metal casting.
• Two types of binder systems are generally used, and on the basis of that foundry sands are categorized as: clay-bonded sands (green sand) and chemically bonded sands.
• Waste Foundry Sand poses environmental challenges due to its large-scale generation and disposal requirements.
• Significance: Its reuse aligns with national priorities on resource efficiency, waste minimization, and sustainable development.

About Rural Self Employment Training Institutes:

• The Rural Self Employment Training Institutes (RSETIs) are empowering rural youth through skill development and entrepreneurship promotion.
• RSETIs have emerged as key institutions with a wide national outreach, providing free residential training and facilitating sustainable livelihoods for rural youth.
• These are functioning through a unique partnership between banks and government,
• One RSETI is established in every district in the country. Concerned bank is the lead bank in the district takes responsibility for creating and managing it.
• Eligibility: RSETIs provide short-duration, practical, and residential training programs for unemployed rural youth aged 18–50 years.
• The institutes offer 73 NSQF-aligned courses across sectors such as: Agriculture, Manufacturing, Services and Entrepreneurship Development Programs (EDPs)
• These institutes not only impart skills but also ensure post-training support through handholding and credit linkage.
• Recognition of RSETI trainees: Certificates issued by an RSETI will be recognised by all banks for purposes of extending credit to the trainees.

About Steppe Eagle:

• It is a member of the subfamily Aquilinae, also known as the "booted eagles".
• Appearance: The Steppe eagle is a large, bulky, and robust-looking eagle. It is mainly dark brown in color with a longish but very thick neck and a relatively small head.
• Habitat: It is found in steppe, desert, semi-desert, open savanna, pastures, agricultural fields, paddy fields, grassland, and open woodland.
• Distribution: It is mainly found in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
• It is a specialized predator of ground squirrels on the breeding ground.
• It is the only eagle to nest primarily on the ground.
• It mainly breeds in central Asian countries, including Kazakhstan, Russia, and Mongolia, it undertakes an annual southward migration as temperatures drop. 
• Diet: Steppe eagles are carnivores and prey mainly on small-sized mammals, with some birds (such as queleas) and reptiles and 
• Threats: The major threats to the Steppe eagle include habitat loss, persecution, wildfires, predation (and trampling by cattle) of chicks.
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Endangered

About P8I Aircraft:

• P-8I Poseidon is a long-range, multi-mission maritime patrol aircraft.
• It is manufactured by Boeing (a U.S. aerospace company) for the Indian Navy. 
• It replaced the ageing fleet of the Indian Navy’s Tupolev Tu-142 aircraft.
• The P-8I Poseidon flown by the Indian Navy is a variant of the P-8A Poseidon used by the United States Navy.
• Features of P8I Aircraft:
  • It has advanced sensors, weapons systems, and long-range capabilities enable it to detect and respond to a wide range of threats, from submarines and surface vessels to environmental challenges. 
  • It can conduct anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (AsuW), intelligence, maritime patrol, and surveillance and reconnaissance missions.
  • Carrying Capacity: The maximum take-off gross weight of the P-8I is 85,139 kg.
  • Speed: It can fly at a maximum speed of 789 km/h. 
  • It has a maximum range of over 2,222 kilometres with a time on station of four hours.

About SWOT Satellite:

• The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite was launched in 2022.
• It is a joint mission of NASA and CNES (French Space Agency).
• Objective: Satellite will collect detailed measurements of how water bodies on Earth change over time.
• Features SWOT Satellite:
  • It uses a specialised instrument called the Ka-band Radar Interferometer (KaRIn) to measure the height, width, and elevation of surface water bodies such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and oceans.
  • SWOT offers high spatial resolution by bouncing microwaves off water surfaces and calculating return time, allowing dynamic water movement tracking.
  • The satellite covers over 55% of large-scale global floods during their lifecycle through frequent Earth orbits.
  • The satellite circles Earth and can scan about 90 per cent of the planet every 21 days
• Functions of SWOT Satellite:
  • It is equipped to observe the entire length of nearly all rivers wider than 330 feet and more than 1 million lakes and reservoirs larger than 5 acres.
  • It will precisely measure fine differences in surface elevations around smaller currents and eddies, where much the oceans’ drawdown of heat and carbon is believed to occur.

About Central Consumer Protection Authority:

• It was established under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
• The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 replaced the 1986 Act.
• Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution.
• Functions and Powers of CCPA:
  • The CCPA protects, promotes, and enforces the rights of consumers as a class under the Act.
  • It prevents unfair trade practices and curbs false or misleading advertisements.
  • It ensures that no one publishes or disseminates false or misleading advertisements.
  • It can initiate class-action suits, including recall, refunds, and cancellation of licenses, when necessary.
  • The CCPA can conduct inquiries and investigations through its Investigation Wing, headed by a Director-General.
  • It can order the discontinuation of unfair practices, impose penalties on errant businesses, and enforce consumer welfare measures.
• Composition of CCPA:
  • A Chief Commissioner heads the CCPA and has two other commissioners:
  • One commissioner deals with goods-related issues.
  • The other commissioner handles service-related complaints.