Why in News?

• As the Finance Minister prepares to present her ninth consecutive Union Budget, India’s fiscal framework is poised for a structural transition.
• From FY 2026–27, the Centre will operationally shift its fiscal consolidation target from the fiscal deficit to the debt-to-GDP ratio, aligning India’s approach with global best practices.
• This Budget will, for the first time, spell out the fine print of this new fiscal anchor for a full financial year.

What’s in Today’s Article?

• Expected Changes
• Key Projections and Targets (Debt Trajectory)
• Fiscal Deficit Implications
• Role of Growth and Borrowings
• Economic Survey 2025–26 - Validation of the Strategy
• General Government Debt and States’ Role
• Finance Commission and Federal Fiscal Architecture
• RBI’s Concerns on State Finances
• Rising State Borrowings
• Centre’s Fiscal Position Going Ahead
• Challenges and Way Forward
• Conclusion 

Expected Changes:

• Shift: From earlier anchor of annual fiscal deficit target to the new anchor of medium-term debt-to-GDP ratio.
• Rationale: It provides greater flexibility to respond to economic shocks, enables gradual fiscal consolidation, and creates space for growth- and development-enhancing expenditure.

Key Projections and Targets (Debt Trajectory):

• The Centre has projected the debt-to-GDP ratio to decline to 50±1% by March 2031 from an estimated 56.1% in March 2026.
• Most economists estimate the Centre to peg it at 55% of the GDP for FY27 in the Budget.
• Achieving this trajectory implies a steady annual reduction of ~1 percentage point in the debt ratio.

Fiscal Deficit Implications:

• A one percentage point reduction in the ratio every year would translate into a fiscal deficit of 4.2% of GDP in FY27.
• Even at this level, gross borrowings remain high due to -
  • Large repayment obligations.
  • Future liabilities such as implementation of the 8th Pay Commission.

Role of Growth and Borrowings:

• Determinants of Debt-to-GDP ratio:
  • Nominal GDP growth (denominator effect)
  • Government borrowing and repayment profile
  • Interest costs (likely to ease with softer monetary conditions)
• Debt sustainability: Improves faster with higher nominal growth even if fiscal deficits remain moderate.

Economic Survey 2025–26 - Validation of the Strategy:

• India has reduced general government debt by around 7.1 percentage points since 2020.
• This is achieved while sustaining high public capital expenditure.
• The Survey endorses 50 ± 1% debt-to-GDP as a credible medium-term policy anchor.

General Government Debt and States’ Role:

• Why States matter?
  • General government debt, which refers to the debt of both states and the Centre, is the metric observed by global rating agencies to assess the fiscal health of the country.
  • While the Centre will detail its fiscal numbers linked to the debt-to-GDP ratio, the role of states in managing their public finances is seen facing greater scrutiny, as they account for a large share of total public debt.
• Emerging view:
  • States may need explicit, medium-term debt-to-GSDP glide paths.
  • Focus should shift from annual deficit targets to scenario-based debt trajectories.

Finance Commission and Federal Fiscal Architecture:

• While the 16th Finance Commission recommendations (FY 2026–27 to 2030–31) are awaited, it will clarify -
  • Tax devolution
  • Revenue-sharing mechanisms
  • Possible fiscal parameters for states
• CEA V Anantha Nageswaran emphasised:
  • Need for empirical work and scenario analysis.
  • Avoid premature decisions on a uniform fiscal metric for states.

RBI’s Concerns on State Finances:

• RBI warns that high debt crowds out investment and growth.
• For example, while the debt of all states put together had declined to 28.1% of GDP by March 2024 from a peak of 31% as of March 2021, the figure is expected to rise to 29.2% by the end of the current fiscal.
• RBI urges highly leveraged states to adopt clear debt consolidation glide paths.

Rising State Borrowings:

• States’ borrowings have risen significantly in the last two decades.
• For example, in the first half of the current fiscal, states borrowed 21% more compared to the same period of 2024-25 and are slated to borrow Rs 5 lakh crore in the current quarter that ends on March 31.
• Historical context: Debt surge during 2015–20 partly due to UDAY power sector reforms, where states absorbed DISCOM debt.

Centre’s Fiscal Position Going Ahead:

• On the other hand, the Centre is set to meet its commitment to keep the fiscal deficit below 4.5% of the GDP by FY26 despite tax cuts.
• Going ahead, while the government will get some fiscal breather with the debt-to-GDP ratio, the headwinds from the recent reductions in income tax and the Goods and Services Tax may weigh on the deficit projection.
• FY27 expectations: Debt target (~55% of GDP) and fiscal deficit (4.3–4.4% of GDP).

Challenges and Way Forward:

• Managing borrowings: For example, high gross borrowings despite lower deficit targets. Institutionalise debt-to-GDP ratio as the primary fiscal anchor.
• Ensuring states’ fiscal discipline: Without undermining cooperative federalism. Align state fiscal strategies with medium-term debt sustainability.
• Balancing: Development expenditure with long-term debt sustainability. Use scenario-based fiscal planning rather than rigid annual targets.
• Uncertainty: From future liabilities (Pay Commissions, welfare commitments). Leverage higher nominal GDP growth and lower interest costs to rebuild buffers. Strengthen Centre–State coordination post 16th Finance Commission.

Conclusion:

• India’s shift from a fiscal deficit-centric framework to a debt-to-GDP-based fiscal anchor marks a maturation of its fiscal policy architecture.
• By prioritising long-term debt sustainability while preserving flexibility for growth-oriented spending, the new framework seeks to balance macroeconomic stability with developmental aspirations.
• However, its success will hinge on robust nominal growth, prudent borrowing, and active participation by states, making cooperative fiscal federalism more critical than ever.