Answer: India has contributed over 200,000 troops to UN peacekeeping missions, with over 7,600 currently deployed in Africa. India, a long-standing contributor to UN peacekeeping, faces a dynamic landscape in Africa with evolving security threats. 

Challenges for India's participation in peacekeeping operations in Africa:

1. Shifting Threats: Traditional peacekeeping focused on inter-state conflict is giving way to complex challenges like terrorism, transnational organized crime, and climate-induced instability. These require specialized skills, equipment, and training that may not readily align with India's current capabilities.
2. Mandate Imbalances: Peacekeeping mandates often lack clarity and resources, leading to mission creep and frustration. The South Sudan mission (UNMISS), for example, has been criticized for its inability to protect civilians despite a large troop presence. This can also lead to increased risks for Indian peacekeepers.
3. Political Tensions: Some African nations have expressed concerns about the dominance of Western powers in peacekeeping and the potential for neo-colonialism. India, though seen as a neutral actor, needs to be sensitive to these concerns and ensure its engagement aligns with African priorities.
4. Resource Constraints: Deploying and sustaining troops is a costly endeavour. With India facing domestic economic pressures, balancing peacekeeping commitments with other priorities can be difficult.

Opportunities:

1. Leveraging Soft Power: India's historical and cultural ties with Africa, coupled with its experience in democratic nation-building, offer a unique advantage. Engaging in capacity-building initiatives and promoting good governance can create long-term stability and reduce the need for future interventions. 
1. Example - In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), India has been praised for its role in providing medical assistance and building infrastructure, contributing to local development and stability.
2. Specialized Skills: India's expertise in areas like engineering, medical services, and disaster relief can be invaluable in addressing the complex challenges facing African nations. Providing training and equipment in these areas can contribute significantly to mission success.
3. Regional Collaboration: Partnering with African regional organizations like the African Union (AU) and regional security bodies can enhance the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations. India's participation in the AU's Peace and Security Architecture demonstrates its commitment to such collaboration.
4. Tech-Enabled Solutions: Utilizing technology like drones and advanced surveillance systems can improve situational awareness and mission effectiveness. India's investments in these areas can contribute to a more agile and responsive approach to peacekeeping.

India's continued participation in peacekeeping in Africa remains vital. By navigating the challenges and seizing the opportunities presented by the evolving security landscape, India can further enhance its contribution to peace and security on the continent, solidify its global leadership role, and strengthen its historical partnership with Africa.