About Holocene Epoch:

• It is the current period of geologic time.
• The term was introduced by Gervais in 1869 and was accepted as part of valid geological nomenclature by the International Geological Congress in 1885.
• Another term that is sometimes used is the ‘’Anthropocene Epoch’’, because its primary characteristic is the global changes caused by human activity.
• The Holocene Epoch began 12,000 to 11,500 years ago at the end of the last Ice Age (the Pleistocene Epoch) and continues to the present.
• Continental motions are negligible over a span of only 10,000 years—less than a kilometer. However, ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 meters in the early part of the Holocene.
• It is marked by a significant warming trend and relative climate stability compared to the previous glacial period.

About Pompeii:

• It is a preserved ancient Roman city located near modern-day Naples, Italy.
• It lies at the southeastern base of Mount Vesuvius.
• The area was originally settled in the Bronze Age on an escarpment at the mouth of the Sarnus (modern Sarno) River.
• Pompeii was built on a spur formed by a prehistoric lava flow to the north of the mouth of the Sarno River.
• Pompeii was founded around the 6th century BC by the Samnites, an ancient Italian tribe.
• It was conquered and absorbed into the Roman Empire in 80 BCE.
• The city was buried in volcanic ash following the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 CE, instantly killing its inhabitants and preserving the city in a remarkable state of preservation.
• Pompeii was basically lost and forgotten until it was rediscovered in 1748.
• Its excellent state of preservation gives an invaluable insight into Roman everyday life.
• It is the only archaeological site in the world that provides a complete picture of an ancient Roman city.
• It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

About Mammogram:

• Mammography is a test that uses low-dose X-rays to create images of the breast. These images are called mammograms.
• Healthcare providers use mammograms, or mammography, to look for early signs of breast cancer before symptoms develop. This is called a screening mammogram.
• Providers also use mammography to look for any abnormalities if one develops a new symptom, such as a lump, pain, nipple discharge or breast skin changes. This is called a diagnostic mammogram.
  • Although it’s called a “diagnostic mammogram,” it can’t diagnose breast cancer.
  • However, it can show whether the abnormal findings look like breast cancer.
  • But these abnormal signs can also be caused by a breast condition that is benign (not cancer).

About Noyyal River:

• It is a tributary of the Kaveri River and flows through Tamil Nadu.
• Course:
  • It begins from numerous small streams in the Vellingiri Hills of the Western Ghats.
  • It flows through the districts of Coimbatore, Tirupur, and Erode and meets the Cauvery River at the Noyyal village in Karur District.
• It is a seasonal river with rapid flows during the monsoon
• Most of these check dams and anicuts were constructed by the Chola Kings, who ruled the region in the 9th to 12th centuries to augment irrigation and control floods downstream.
• Until the early 20th century, the Noyyal was the main drinking water source for the region.

About  Nahargarh Wildlife Sanctuary:

• It is located in Rajasthan, in the Aravalli range.
• The sanctuary is named after Nahargarh Fort, a historic fort built in the 18th century by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, the founder of Jaipur.
• It connects ecologically with other forest areas like the Ranthambore Tiger Reserve.
• Within the sanctuary is the Nahargarh Biological Park.
• Flora: The sanctuary features a rugged terrain with hills, valleys, seasonal streams, and dry deciduous forests typical of the semi-arid region, including trees such as dhok, babool, khejri, and ber.
• Fauna:
  • Common species include leopards, wild boars, deer, lions, tigers, sloth bears, and several small mammals.
  • It’s a haven for bird watchers, with a variety of species, including peacocks, owls, and eagles.
  • It is also home to reptiles like Indian rock pythons, monitor lizards, and amphibians like frogs and toads.

About Theridion Himalayana:

• It is a new species of ‘happy-face spider’ belongs to the ‘Theridiidae’ family.
• It was discovered in western Himalayas of India.
• Features
  • It is polymorphic in both sexes and has 32 different morphs that exhibit patterns of a smiling face with dots in colours of red, black and white arranged differently.
  • It could also be a crucial pollinator for some plants