About Patriot Missile System:

• Patriot, short for Phased Array Tracking Radar for Intercept on Target, ​is a mobile surface-to-air missile defense system.
• It was originally developed byS. weapons maker Raytheon Technologies.
• The system can intercept aircraft, tactical ballistic missiles, and cruise missiles, depending on the interceptor used.
• It is the United States Army’s most advanced air defense system.
• The system was first used in combat during the 1991 Gulf War, with batteries protecting Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Israel, and later used during the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003.
• Nineteen ​countries now operate the Patriot system, including the S., Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Japan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.
• Features:
  • A Patriot battery (i.e., the basic firing unit) consists of a phased array radar, an engagement control station, computers, power generating equipment, and launchers, each of which holds four ready-to-fire missiles.
  • It is equipped with a track-via-missile (TVM) guidance system. Midcourse correction commands are transmitted to the guidance system from the mobile engagement control centre.
  • The system's radar has a range of over 150 km and can simultaneously track up to 100 potential targets.
  • The system has different capabilities depending on the type of interceptor used.
  • The PAC-2 interceptor uses a blast-fragmentation warhead, while the newer PAC-3 missile uses more advanced hit-to-kill technology.
  • Depending on the version in use, the interceptor missiles can reach an altitude of more than 24 kilometers.

About Vasai Fort:

• Vasai Fort, also known as the Bassein Fort, is an ancient fort located at Vasai in the suburbs of North Mumbai, Maharashtra.
• It overlooks the confluence of the Ulhas River.
• History:
  • Vasai was known as a place for shipbuilding in the 15th Century.
  • Bahadur Shah, a Mughal Emperor, had built the Bassein Fort in the 1530s.
  • The Portuguese conquered and destroyed most of the fort a year after it was built.
  • The Portuguese remodeled the fort into a flourishing city by building a citadel inside.
  • The fort was under Portuguese control till 1739 AD.
  • In the 18th century, the fort was raided and overtaken by the Maratha army under Chimaji Appa. They stood strong for 3 long years, and then the British took over the fort in the First Anglo-Maratha War.
• Architecture:
  • Surrounded by the sea on three sides and protected by a strategically designed moat on the landward side, its defenses were nearly impenetrable.
  • Within its expanse, remnants of once-majestic churches, intricate archways, and Portuguese-style facades still stand, albeit weathered by time.
  • Three old churches are recognisable in the fort. The southernmost chapel has a well-preserved barrel-vaulted ceiling, and the walls are covered with tree roots and palm groves.

About Vaitarna River:

• It is one of the west-flowing rivers in the region north of Mumbai and south of the Tapi River.
• Course:
  • It originates from the southern slopes of the Triambak-Anjaneri hills near Trimbakeshwar in the Nashik district of
  • These hills are part of the Sahyadri ranges (Western Ghats) and are also the origin point of the Godavari River.
  • The river drains into the Arabian Sea.
• Jhow and Wadhiv islands lie in its estuary. Arnala Island lies off its mouth.
• It receives most of the rainfall from the Southwest monsoon during June to October. Almost 98% of the annual rainfall of the basin is received during this period, making it a highly seasonal river in terms of water volume.
• Major Tributaries:
  • Alvand River
  • Tansa River
  • Pinjal River
  • Surya River
  • Dahanu River
  • Ganjai River

• Urban Utility: Over 60% of Mumbai’s water comes from the Vaitarna and its associated dams.

About Sanjay Gandhi National Park (SGNP):

• It is located near Borivali in the northern part of Mumbai, Maharashtra.
• In the early days, the park was known as Krishnagiri National Park. However, in 1974 the name of this park was changed to ‘Borivali National Park’ and in 1981 to ‘Sanjay Gandhi National Park’.
• The Kanheri Caves in the center of the park were an important Buddhist learning center and pilgrimage site sculpted by Buddhist monks between the 9th and the 1st centuries BCE.
  • They were chiseled out of a massive basaltic rock outcropping.
  • Caves feature viharas, stupas, prayer halls, and other structures of old-style Buddhist architecture.
• There is a Jain Temple with three huge carved idols situated on the way to the caves.
• Besides, the park also has two lakes, namely Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake, the deer park, the lion safari, and the Samadhi of Mahatma Gandhi.
• Flora:
  • Kadamba, teak, karanj, shisam, and species of acacia, ziziphus, euphorbia, flame of the forest, red silk cotton and a number of other varieties of flowers.
  • Karvi, or karvy, a flowering plant that flowers once in seven years, can be found in the park.
• Fauna:
  • Leopard, sambar, chital, barking deer, rusty spotted cat, hyena, common palm civet, small Indian civet, Indian crested porcupine, Indian hare, Indian flying fox, common langur, and bonnet macaque.

About Global Gender Gap Index 2026:

• It is an annual index designed to measure gender equality.
• It is released by the World Economic Forum (WEF).
• It benchmarks the current state and evolution of gender parity across four key dimensions (subindexes): Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Political Empowerment.
• Since launching in 2006, it is the longest-standing index tracking the progress of numerous countries’ efforts towards closing these gaps over time.
• Global Gender Gap Index 2026 Highlights:
  • Globally, 2 percent of the gender gap has now been closed, up by 0.4 percentage points over the last year.
  • Iceland is still the world’s number one, with 93 percent of its gender gap closed.
  • Finland and Norway follow with 87.2 percent and 85.7 percent, respectively.
  • Namibia is fourth, followed by the UK, New Zealand, Sweden, Australia, Germany, and Ireland.
  • Australia cracked the top 10 for the first time.
  • Across the 143 economies covered in both the 2025 and 2026 editions, the overall score increased by 0.4 percentage points.
  • Education recorded the largest increase year on year, rising from 95.3 percent to 96.9 percent.
  • Economic participation score increased from 61.3 percent to 61.7 percent, and health and survival improved from 96.1 percent to 96.2 percent.
  • Political empowerment, however, moved in the opposite direction, sliding down from 22.5 percent to 22.1 percent.
  • India stands at 131st spot, with 5 percent.
  • Only 14 countries ranked below India on the index of 145 countries. These include Papua New Guinea, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Tajikistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Morocco, Mali, Algeria, and Congo.
  • Chad was the lowest-ranked country in the index, with Iran and Pakistan joining it in the bottom three.
  • Overall, India's gender parity increased by 4.3 percentage points since 2006, primarily due to gains in educational attainment.
  • In the Economic Participation and Opportunity subindex, India reported a2 percent parity score, 0.5 higher than the previous edition but 3.5 percentage points lower from its best result in 2013.

About Indravati Tiger Reserve:

• Location: It is located in the state of Chhattisgarh.
• The tiger reserve and the Bhairamgarh and Pamed Wildlife Sanctuaries constitute the Indravati landscape. 
• It has connectivity with several tiger reserves, viz. Kawal (Telangana), Tadoba (Maharashtra), and Kanha (Madhya Pradesh). 
• River: The River ‘Indravati’ forms the boundary of the reserve on the northern and western sides, which also happens to be the interstate boundary between Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
• Vegetation: Southern Moist Mixed Deciduous Forest with Teak, Southern Moist Mixed Deciduous Forest without Teak, and Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forest are the major forest types found in the Reserve.
• Flora: It is home to teak, achar, karra, kullu, shisham, semal, haldu, arjun, bel, and Jamun.
• Fauna: It is home to one of the last populations of rare wild buffalo, the state animal of Chhattisgarh.
• Other animals include Nilgai, Black Buck, Sambar, Gaur, Tiger, Leopard, Chital, Sloth bears, etc.

About Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana:

• It was launched in 2015.
• It aims to provide for the welfare of areas and people affected by mining related operations, using the funds generated by District Mineral Foundations (DMFs).
• Objectives:
  • To implement various developmental and welfare projects in mining affected areas, complementing the existing ongoing schemes of State and Central Government;
  • To minimize/mitigate the adverse impacts, during and after mining, on the environment, health and socio-economics of people in mining districts; and
  • To ensure long-term sustainable livelihoods for the affected people in mining areas.
• Implementation: It is implemented by the District Mineral Foundations (DMFs) of the respective districts using the funds accruing to the DMF.
• The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 requires States to incorporate PMKKKY into their DMF rules. 
• Utilization of Funds:
  • At least 60% of the funds on High Priority areas like: drinking water supply, environment preservation and pollution control measures, health care, education, welfare of women and children.
  • Up to 40% on Other Priority areas like: physical infrastructure, irrigation, energy and watershed development; and any other measures for enhancing environmental quality in mining district.

About Djibouti:

• Location: It is an East African country located in the Horn of Africa.
• It is nestled at a triple juncture of the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and East African rift systems.
• Bordering countries: It is bordered by three countries namely Eritrea to the north, Somalia to the south, and Ethiopia to the south and west.
• Water Bodies: The country also has coastlines on the Red Sea and the Gulf of Eden to the east. 
• Capital City: Djibouti
• Geographical Features of Djibouti:
  • Climate: Djibouti has a dry tropical climate characterized by high year-round temperatures and evaporation rates.
  • The Danakil Depression, located in the central and southern parts of Djibouti, is a stark and harsh landscape.
  • Natural Resources: Its key natural resources include salt, petroleum, gold, clay, marble, pumice, gypsum and diatomite.

About Doppler Weather Radar:

• It is a specialized radar that uses the Doppler Effect to produce velocity data about objects at a distance.
• These radar systems can provide information regarding the movement of targets as well as their position.
• Types of weather Radar Bands: Varying frequencies like S-band, C-band and X-band — are commonly used by the IMD in India.
• Working of Doppler weather Radars:
  • In radars, a beam of, energy, called radio waves is emitted from an antenna.
  • When this beam strikes an object in the atmosphere, the energy scatters in all directions, with some reflecting directly back to the radar.
  • The larger the object deflecting the beam, the greater is the amount of energy that the radar receives in return.
  • Observing the time required for the beam to be transmitted and returned to the radar allows weather forecasting departments to “see” raindrops in the atmosphere, and measure their distance from the radar.
• Applications of Doppler weather Radars:
  • Weather System: It is used to track the movement of weather systems and cloud bands, and gauge rainfall over its coverage area of about 500 km.
    • X-band radar is used to detect thunderstorms and lightning, whereas a C-band radar helps in cyclone tracking.

About Leopardus Tilcayo:

• It is a type of tiger cat, a group of small felines in the genus Leopardus that are native to South America.
• It was found in Bolivia’s ⁠lush Yungas forest, a mountainous region where forests are often covered by clouds and surrounded by high humidity.
• The cat is called Tilcayo by local communities.

Key Facts about Yungas Forest:

• The Yungas forest, also known as Nuboselva or Selva Tucumano-Oranense, is a unique ecosystem.
• Located on the eastern edge of the Andes, this mountain forest extends from Venezuela to Argentina.