About Ceratocaudia antigua:

• It is a new species of long-necked dinosaur.
• It was discovered following excavations in the Kaladongar Formation of the Kachchh Basin in the Kutch district of Gujarat.
• Living roughly 170 to 180 million years ago during the Jurassic period, this diminutive giant reaches only about seven meters in length, significantly smaller than its more famous 20-meter-long relatives like Brachiosaurus.
• Ceratocaudia is distinguished by several physical traits that set it apart from its closest relatives.
  • The most striking feature is a curved, horn-like crest atop its front tailbones.
  • It also possessed a unique notch on its neck vertebrae and specific shapes in its lower leg bones, the tibia and fibula, which have not been seen in other sauropods.
  • Furthermore, its tail vertebrae show a rare transition from flat-ended joints to "ball-and-socket" joints near the tip, a feature usually reserved for much later dinosaur species.
• The name Ceratocaudia antiqua reflects these physical and historical traits.
  • The genus name is derived from the Greek words ‘cerato’ (meaning horn) and ‘caud’ (meaning tail), referring to the unique spike on its vertebrae.
  • The species name, ‘antiqua’, is Latin for "old" or "ancient," highlighting that this is one of the earliest known macronarian dinosaurs, a group of long-necked giants characterised by their large, boxy skulls and wide nostrils.
• Ceratocaudia now stands as the earliest diagnosable member of its lineage in India and one of the oldest in the world .

About Lake Mansarovar:

• It is a large freshwater lake situated in China's Tibet Autonomous Region.
• It is regarded as one of the holiest lakes in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Bon.
• It is one of the highest freshwater lakes in the world.
• It is located adjacent to Lake Rakshastal, which is a saltwater lake. The two lakes are connected by the Ganga Chhu channel.
• The highest peak in the surrounding range is Gurla Mandata (7694 meters). To the north of the lake is magnificent Mount Kailash.
• The Kailash Manasarovar region is a source of the Karnali (a major tributary of the Ganges and the longest river in Nepal) Indus, the Sutlej, and the Brahmaputra (the Yarlung Tsangpo) rivers.
• At present, along with the shores of Mansarovar, there are 5 Buddhist monasteries, and out of those five, Chiu Monastery is the most popular and is located on the northwest shore of the lake.

About Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary:

• It is situated in the Balasore District of Odisha.
• It is spread across the Chota Nagpur Plateau region.
• It is connected to Simlipal National Park through hills called Sukhupada and Nato.
• It is characterized by its complex topography, which includes rolling hills, valleys, and plateaus that contribute to its microclimates.
• The local tribal communities, including the Santhal and Munda, maintain a deep-rooted spiritual connection to Kuldiha.
• The sanctuary is also home to unique geological formations, such as the ancient rock shelters adorned with petroglyphs that date back thousands of years.
• Vegetation: It contains mixed deciduous forest.
• Flora: It is dominated by species such as Sal (Shorea robusta) and various bamboo species.
• Fauna:
  • The dense forests of the region are home to wild animals like the elephants, leopards, deer, bison and Malabar giant squirrels.
  • The forest also houses a variety of birds. Some of them are like white-rumped shama, parrot, hornbills, and peafowl.

About State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026 Report:

• It is the UN system’s flagship assessment of global hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition,
• It is produced jointly by FAO, IFAD,(International Fund for Agricultural Development), UNICEF, WFP (World Food Programme) and
• It tracks progress toward SDG 2 through the latest global and regional estimates on food insecurity, diet quality and the global nutrition targets.

Key Highlights of the report 2026

• It showed that while global food security and nutrition improved modestly in 2025, progress remains uneven and insufficient to meet the 2030 targets.
• Hunger affected 7.8 percent of the world’s population, and 2.1 billion people experienced moderate or severe food insecurity.
• Persistent disparities remain, particularly for women, young children and rural communities, and diet quality continues to lag worldwide. 
• The share of undernourished Indians has more than halved over the past two decades, from 21.1 per cent in 2004-06 to 9.8 per cent in 2023-25.
• India’s healthy-diet cost has risen faster since 2017 — up nearly 48 per cent — compared to about 32 per cent in the US over the same period.

About Start-up Village Entrepreneurship Programme:

• It was launched in 2016.
• It is a sub-scheme of the Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NRLM).
• Objective: To implement the Government's efforts to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty and unemployment in the villages by helping start and support rural enterprises.
• Features of Start-up Village Entrepreneurship Programme
  • The programme supports Self Help Groups (SHGs) and their family members in establishing small enterprises in the non-farm sector.
  • It provides financial assistance, institutional support, business management training, soft skill development, and business development services.
  • SVEP also facilitates access to banking linkages and convergence with government schemes.
  • A key feature of SVEP has been community-based decision-making for funding and supporting enterprises locally.
  • It has adopted an all-inclusive approach, with a strong focus on supporting women, marginalized communities, and individuals with limited educational attainment.
  • Implemented By: SVEP is implemented through the State Rural Livelihoods Missions (SRLMs).
    • At the block level, Block Resource Centres–Enterprise Promotion (BRC-EPs) coordinate programme implementation.
    • Trained Community Resource Persons–Enterprise Promotion (CRP-EPs) provide technical assistance to the Block Resource Centres on enterprise promotion.

About Spain:

• Location: It is located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe.
• Bordering Countries: It shares its borders with Portugal (to the west), France and Andorra (to the northeast), and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar (to the south).
• Maritime borders: It is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea (to the southeast and east), the Bay of Biscay (to the north), and the Atlantic Ocean (to the northwest and southwest).
• Capital City: Madrid
• Geographical Features of Spain:
  • Mountain ranges: The Pyrenees Mountains form a natural barrier between Spain and France.
  • Plateaus: The Meseta Central is a vast interior plateau, dominating the central part of Spain.
  • Rivers: Spain is traversed by important rivers such as:
  • Ebro River – flows into the Mediterranean.
  • Tagus River – shared with Portugal.
  • Desert feature: Spain hosts the Tabernas Desert in Andalusia, recognized as the only true desert in mainland Europe.
  • Natural Resources: It mainly consists of copper, fluorspar, gypsum, iron ore, kaolin, lead, magnesite, mercury, pyrites, sepiolite, tungsten, uranium, and zinc.

About Chenab River:

• It is a tributary of the Indus River.
• Origin: It is formed by the confluence of two streams, Chandra and Bhaga, in the Lahaul and Spiti Districts of Himachal Pradesh.
• In its upper reaches, it is also known as the
• It flows through Jammu and Kashmir union territory, Himachal Pradesh and after receiving the Jhelum River near Trimmu, the Chenab empties into the Sutlej River.
• Major Tributaries:
  • Left Bank: Niru, Tawi, Neeru, and Liddrari
  • Right Bank: Ans, Bhut Nalla, Bichleri, Kalnai Marusudar and Miyar Nalla.
• Major Dams on Chenab River: Salal (rockfill dam), Baglihar, and Dul. 
• The waters of the Chenab are shared by India and Pakistan as per the terms of the Indus Water Treaty.

About Chenab River:

• It is a tributary of the Indus River.
• Origin: It is formed by the confluence of two streams, Chandra and Bhaga, in the Lahaul and Spiti Districts of Himachal Pradesh.
• In its upper reaches, it is also known as the
• It flows through Jammu and Kashmir union territory, Himachal Pradesh and after receiving the Jhelum River near Trimmu, the Chenab empties into the Sutlej River.
• Major Tributaries:
  • Left Bank: Niru, Tawi, Neeru, and Liddrari
  • Right Bank: Ans, Bhut Nalla, Bichleri, Kalnai Marusudar and Miyar Nalla.
• Major Dams on Chenab River: Salal (rockfill dam), Baglihar, and Dul. 
• The waters of the Chenab are shared by India and Pakistan as per the terms of the Indus Water Treaty.