About CLEAR Technology:

• Cleavable Light-Erased Antibody Reporter (CLEAR) is a novel imaging platform that could significantly improve the visualization and mapping of proteins within biological samples.
• It was developed by researchers at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR).
• Researchers from the Indian Institute of Science also collaborated in demonstrating the technology in complex biological settings, particularly immune cell systems.
• CLEAR technology enables scientists to visualize a large number of proteins within the same biological sample using a single fluorescent marker, overcoming a major challenge in spatial protein mapping.
• The scientists introduced a light-cleavable probe system that allows repeated cycles of protein labelling and imaging within the same spectral window.
• After imaging a set of proteins, the fluorescent signal can be erased using a gentle pulse of 365 nm LED light, enabling researchers to label and image a new set of proteins in the same cell.
• It allows increasingly detailed protein maps to be generated across specimens ranging from single cells to complex tissue sections.
• Unlike existing multiplex imaging methods, CLEAR combines high multiplexing capability with speed, spatial resolution, and compatibility with delicate biological samples, including live cells.
• The technology has the potential to improve early disease detection, particularly in cancers and neurological disorders, while also helping researchers better understand immune responses and cellular behaviour.
• In the long term, the platform could contribute to precision medicine by enabling detailed molecular analysis that can support targeted therapies and personalized treatment approaches.

About Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS):

• Founded in 1876, by Mahendra Lal Sircar, IACS is the oldest institute in India devoted to the pursuit of fundamental research in the frontier areas of basic sciences.
• Location: Kolkata.
• It became the first research institution in Asia established by Indians for the cultivation of modern scientific research.
• Over the decades, it has served as the intellectual home for several legendary Indian scientists, including:
  • Sir C.V. Raman
  • Jagadish Chandra Bose
  • Meghnad Saha
  • N. Bose
• Professor C.V. Raman worked at IACS from 1907 to 1933, and it is here that he discovered the celebrated Raman Effect, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.
• It is funded by the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, and the Government of West Bengal.
• Apart from fundamental research in the various frontier areas of physics and chemistry, IACS has ventured in a significant way, for the past few years, into the emerging multidisciplinary areas such as non-conventional energy sources, advanced and novel nanomaterials, chemical biology, and interdisciplinary sciences.

About National Health Accounts (NHA) estimates for India 2022-23:

• The NHA estimates, released annually, provide a time-series analysis of actual health expenditure incurred by the government, private sector, and other sources.
• The current estimates for 2022-23 mark the 10th edition in the series that began in 2013-14.
• It is prepared by the National Health Accounts Technical Secretariat (NHATS) under the National Health Systems Resource Centre, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, using the internationally accepted System of Health Accounts (2011) framework.
• Highlights:
  • The report indicates an increase in government expenditure on healthcare since 2013-14.
  • The report showed that government health expenditure increased from Rs 1.30 lakh crore in 2013-14 to Rs 3.85 lakh crore in 2022-23.
  • The share of government health expenditure in the country’s GDP has risen from 15 percent in 2013-14 to 1.43 percent in 2022-23. According to the new GDP series with base year 2022-23, the figure stands at 1.48 percent.
  • Similarly, government health expenditure’s share in general government expenditure has increased from 78 percent to 4.89 percent over the same period.
  • In per capita terms, government health expenditure has increased nearly 2.7 times, from 1042 to Rs. 2786 between 2013-14 and 2022-23.
  • The share of government health expenditure in total health expenditure has increased by almost 15 percentage points, from 28.6 percent in 2013-14 to 7 percent in 2022-23.
  • The increase in public spending has contributed to a substantial decline in out-of-pocket expenditure incurred by households on healthcare.
  • Out-of-pocket expenditure as a share of total health expenditure fell from2 percent in 2013-14 to 43.4 percent in 2022-23.
  • The share of Social Security Expenditure (SSE) in total health expenditure -- which includes government-funded health insurance such as the AB PM-JAY, medical reimbursements to government employees, and social health insurance programmes -- has increased substantially from 6 percent in 2013-14 to 9.9 percent in 2022-23.
  • The share of private health insurance in total health expenditure has also increased, from4 percent to 9.2 percent.
  • Expenditure on primary healthcare by the government more than doubled from Rs 0.5 lakh crore in 2013-14 to Rs 1.4 lakh crore in 2022-23.

About Fiji:

• It is a country located in the South Pacific Ocean, surrounding the Koro Sea, to the northeast of New Zealand and southwest of Hawaii.
• It does not share land borders with any other country.
• The islands feature a central range of mountains, giving way to plateaus, lowlands, and coastal plains.
• Almost half of Fiji’s total area remains forested, while dry grasslands are found in western areas of the large islands.
• The capital, Suva, is on the southeast coast of the largest island, Viti Levu (“Great Fiji”).
  • Viti Levu accounts for more than half of Fiji’s land area.
  • It includes the country’s highest peak, Mount Tomanivi
• Fiji Islands are largely the product of volcanic action, sedimentary deposit, and formations of coral.
• The majority of Fijians are of mixed Melanesian-Polynesian ancestry, with a large South Asian minority.
• Fiji's major languages are English, Fijian, and Hindi, and its major religions are Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam.
• Currency: Fiji dollar.
• Fiji has one of the most developed economies in the Pacific, relying heavily on its tourism and sugar industries.

About Gynacantha khasiaca:

• It is a rare species of dragonfly, commonly known as the long-tailed duskhawker.
• It has resurfaced in the dense rainforests of Namdapha National Park and Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh.
• It is the first confirmed record of the dragonfly from Arunachal Pradesh in 110 years.
• Outside India, the dragonfly has only been reported from scattered locations in Nepal, Myanmar, and Bangladesh.
• Within India, confirmed records remain sparse, with occasional sightings from Assam, Meghalaya, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, and Maharashtra.
• The male dragonfly was first spotted rapidly patrolling the forest edge on a cloudy morning before settling into a vertical hanging posture beneath dense vegetation — behaviour typical of elusive duskhawker species.
• Globally, the species is classified as “Data Deficient” by the IUCN Red List.

About Humboldtia nairiana:

• It is a new evergreen tree species belonging to the genus Humboldtia.
• The species identified in the riparian forests of the Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Features of Humboldtia nairiana:
  • It is a medium-sized evergreen tree that grows between 5 to 8 metres in height.
  • It possesses stable and distinguishing features including a unique warty, pale brown bark with a distinct creamy-white blaze; angled, glabrous branchlets.
  • It has distinctly shorter, sparsely hairy, isometric stipules and appendages;
  • It consists of larger flowers with comparatively long pedicels, and produces elliptic-oblong fruits with a shorter beak.
  • It is strictly endemic to Kerala and is presently known only from the biodiversity-rich Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve.

Key Facts about Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary

• Location: It is located in the southern part of the Western Ghats in Kerala.
• It forms part of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve.
• Terrain: Most of the Sanctuary area is hilly and interspersed with ravines.
• Rivers: The major rivers are Shendurney, Kazhuthuruthy, and Kulathupuzha, which join together to form the Kallada River.
• Vegetation: The vegetation primarily consists of tropical evergreen forests, semi-evergreen forests, and moist deciduous forests.

About Algoza:

• It is a traditional pair of woodwind instruments, widely associated with Rajasthan, Punjab, Sindh, and parts of western India and Pakistan.
• It is one of India’s oldest surviving folk wind instruments.
• How it is played?
  • Its name comes from the idea of “two flutes" because it is played using two wooden pipes simultaneously.
  • One flute plays the melody, the other provides a continuous drone or rhythmic base. Together, they create a hypnotic, layered sound unique to desert folk music.
  • For playing the Algoza, musicians must master circular breathing (a demanding technique that allows them to blow continuously without stopping for breath).
  • Sound is generated by breathing into it rapidly; the quick recapturing of breath on each beat creates a bouncing, swing rhythm.
  • This creates the instrument’s signature uninterrupted flow, making performances sound seamless and meditative.

About Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary:

• Location: It spans over the Western Ghats in the Belgaum district of Karnataka.
• The sanctuary derives its name from Bhimgad Fort, built by the legendary Maratha king Shivaji in the 17th century. 
  • Bhimgad Fort acted as a strategic outpost to guard against Portuguese expansion from Goa.
• It shares its boundary with the north of Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, north-west of the Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park, north of Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary, and east of Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary.
• Terrain: It features rugged terrain with limestone formations and several caves, contributing to its unique biodiversity.
• Rivers: The sanctuary is the origin of several rivers, including the Mhadei, Malaprabha, and Tillari and several perennial streams.
• It is most famous for the Barapede Caves, the only known breeding ground of the Wroughton’s Free-tailed Bat, a threatened species on the verge of extinction.
• Vegetation: The dominant vegetation of the forest comprises tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. 
• Flora: Forests are dominated by towering trees like Malabar teak, rosewood, and various species of dipterocarps
  • It also hosts a number of medicinal plants.
• Fauna: 
  • It provides habitat for several endangered species, such as the Indian sloth bear, Indian pangolin, and the elusive Black Panther. 
  • Other notable residents include the Malabar giant squirrel, gaur, sambar deer, and a plethora of bird species, including the Malabar trogon and the great Indian hornbill.
  • Reptiles: It serves as ideal breeding grounds for the King Cobra, the world’s longest venomous snake.

About PM-WANI:

• PM-WANI (Prime Minister Wi-Fi Access Network Interface) scheme was launched by the Department of Telecommunication in 2020.
• It aims to enhance the proliferation of public WiFi hotspots to create robust digital communications infrastructure in the country, especially in rural areas.
• Objectives:
  • To overcome the digital divide by increasing internet connectivity, especially in remote and rural regions.
  • To empower individuals and businesses to participate in the digital economy through affordable internet access.
  • To encourage local entrepreneurs by enabling shopkeepers and individuals to become Public Data Office (PDO) operators.
• PM-WANI Ecosystem Components:
  • Public Data Office (PDO): It will establish, maintain, and operate only WANI-compliant Wi-Fi access points and deliver broadband services to subscribers. No license is required from DoT.
    • The local shops and small establishments as PDOs may earn extra income from selling internet without any requirement of license, registration, and/or any fees to DoT.
  • Public Data Office Aggregator (PDOA): It will be an aggregator of PDOs and perform the functions relating to authorization and accounting.
  • App Provider: It will develop an App to register users and discover WANI-compliant Wi-Fi hotspots in the nearby area and display the same within the App for accessing the internet services.
  • Central Registry: It will maintain the details of App Providers, PDOAs, and PDOs. 
    • It is currently maintained by the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DoT).

About SARTHAK Public Distribution System Scheme:

• SARTHAK PDS (Scheme for Assistance in Ration Transport and Handling-Income with Automation in PDS) is conceived as an umbrella scheme that integrates two ongoing initiatives:
  • Assistance to State Agencies for intra-State movement of foodgrains and FPS dealers’ margin under NFSA
  • Scheme for Modernization and Reforms through Technology in Public Distribution System (SMART PDS)
• Aim: The government aims to create a single administrative structure for improving foodgrain distribution and strengthening implementation of the National Food Security Act, 2013.
• It will run until 2031.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​
• Components:
  • Advanced Technology Use: It involves the use of advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Blockchain to streamline operations in the public distribution system.
  • Unified Data& Architecture: Under the approved plan, the government intends to create unified databases and standardised digital architecture for real-time monitoring of the PDS network.
    • The scheme also proposes AI-enabled analytics and grievance redressal systems along with State Command Control Centres for monitoring operations through data-based oversight.
  • Certification: Government will introduce ISO-certified process frameworks will be introduced to strengthen transparency, security standards and operational sustainability within the system.